Searchability

Saturday, November 1, 2025

Хор Братии Спасо-Преображенского Валаамского Монастыря = The Monastic Choir Of The Valaam Monastery Of The Transfiguration Of The Savior - 1999 - Северный Афон = The Athos Of The North

 


Традиции Православного Пения – Vol 18.0  395.30MB FLAC

The Athos of the North begins with an image before a note is heard: a solitary monk standing in a narrow wooden boat among broken sheets of ice. He holds one oar upright, his black clothing cutting through the pale blue water and winter sky. The picture contains no cathedral, no gold iconostasis and no visible congregation. It presents monastic life as distance, cold, labor and chosen separation. The title identifies Valaam as a northern counterpart to Mount Athos, but the cover does not imitate Mediterranean light. It translates the idea of a sacred peninsula into the physical language of Lake Ladoga: stone, water, snow and a human figure made small by the landscape.
The recording itself joins two related traditions within Orthodox Christianity. Byzantine chant enters through melodies associated with the Greek Church, while Russian monastic singing gives those melodies the dark resonance and communal weight of Valaam. The album does not treat East and North as competing styles. It allows them to meet inside the same male voices, creating music that can move with the ornamental flexibility of Byzantine practice while remaining anchored by the extraordinary depth of Russian bass singing.
The opening material immediately establishes prayer as movement rather than spectacle. A cantor may begin alone or nearly alone, shaping a line whose turns follow the Church Slavonic text, before the full choir enters and gives the melody a wider body. The transition feels architectural. One voice opens a narrow passage, then the brotherhood appears around it like walls, floor and roof. The soloist does not become a star standing above the ensemble. He functions as guide, drawing the community into the next phrase.
“Lord, I Have Cried” carries the evening office into the recording with seriousness and restraint. The text is a plea offered from spiritual difficulty, and the Byzantine setting refuses the easy emotional comfort of a smoothly harmonized hymn. The melodic line bends, pauses and returns, asking the listener to follow language whose shape is older than modern song form. When the lower voices arrive beneath it, the prayer gains weight without becoming louder in spirit.
The following dogmatic hymn expands the sound while preserving that concentration. Its theology is dense, but the choir prevents the words from becoming academic. Doctrine enters through breath, vowel and sustained pitch. The mysteries of incarnation and divine motherhood are not explained from outside; they are carried inside the musical line until belief becomes physical vibration.
This is where the Valaam choir’s bass register becomes decisive. The lowest voices do more than complete the harmony. They create the impression that the chant continues below the range of ordinary hearing. Their notes feel less like individual tones than a foundation laid beneath the church. Upper lines can turn, ornament and ascend because the basses have established something immovable below them.
Yet the album never uses low singing as a circus attraction. There is no moment where the arrangement stops merely to display an unusually deep voice. The basses remain part of the prayer’s structure. Their power comes from service, not exhibition. Even the most astonishing low note belongs to the same communal statement as every other breath.
“The Great Doxology” brings the Byzantine material into a broad declaration of praise. The piece moves through glory, thanksgiving, confession and petition without dividing them into separate moods. Light enters, but it is not the sentimental brightness of inspirational music. It feels closer to dawn after an all-night vigil, illumination recognized by bodies already tired from standing.
The choir’s control is especially apparent in the longer cadences. Chords expand, resonate and close without becoming luxuriant for their own sake. The acoustic offers natural depth, yet the singers do not linger simply to admire the echo. Resonance is treated as part of the building through which the prayer passes.
“Have Mercy on Me, O God” turns the album inward. The familiar penitential psalm appears in a musical setting whose repeated phrases make repentance sound less like one dramatic confession than a condition revisited throughout life. The voices do not plead through theatrical sobbing. They remain upright, which makes the humility more severe. The sinner is not performing collapse. He is standing before judgment with nowhere else to place the truth.
This restraint is one of the record’s strongest qualities. Monastic singing here is described by quietness and sincerity rather than elaborate artifice. That does not mean the performances are musically simple. The tuning, balance and long phrases require discipline. The lack of display is itself highly cultivated. Technique disappears into purpose.
“The Embrace of the Father” introduces one of the album’s most tender images. Drawn from the story of the Prodigal Son, the text approaches repentance not only through fear but through return. The father’s embrace does not erase the son’s departure; it completes the painful route back from it. The choir allows warmth into the harmony without softening the seriousness established earlier.
The melody associated with the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius broadens the album’s geography. Valaam is the central location, but the recording carries connections to other monasteries and traditions within Russian Orthodoxy. Chant travels through communities, changing slightly as it is sung, remembered and absorbed into local practice. A monastery may be remote without being culturally sealed.
The title The Athos of the North therefore operates on more than one level. Valaam has long been compared with Mount Athos because of its island setting, monastic discipline and role as a spiritual center. But the album does not attempt to prove that comparison through grand claims. It demonstrates kinship through sound. Greek melodic inheritance enters Russian voices and survives as living worship rather than historical reenactment.
The Great Entrance hymn “Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence” deepens this connection. The text commands every human concern to fall quiet before the mystery of the liturgy. The choir answers with music whose slowness changes the listener’s sense of time. Each syllable appears to occupy more space than ordinary speech permits. Silence does not mean the absence of sound. It means sound disciplined until distraction begins to loosen its hold.
The hymn’s darkness can initially feel ominous, but its purpose is attention. The low voices clear a space in which the sacred action can be approached without chatter, personality or hurry. Modern listening habits encourage constant movement toward the next event. This music refuses. It requires the present phrase to be inhabited fully before another can begin.
The setting of “A Mercy of Peace,” connected with the Ilyinsky skete on Athos, offers another direct bridge between the northern monastery and the Greek holy mountain. The melodic tradition has crossed language, geography and climate, yet the Valaam singers do not present it as foreign material. They receive it through their own vocal character. The chant becomes darker, heavier and more vertically layered without losing its original contour.
The result is not a hybrid designed for novelty. It is the sound of related traditions recognizing one another. Byzantine melody provides motion and inflection. Russian choral practice provides depth and harmonic breadth. Neither disappears.
The cover’s monk in the boat becomes increasingly meaningful as the album continues. His oar suggests physical crossing, but the boat also resembles the Church as an old theological image: a vessel carrying human beings across dangerous water. The ice around him is broken, not solid. Movement remains possible, though never effortless. The solitary figure belongs to a brotherhood whose voices fill the disc, creating a striking contradiction between visual isolation and musical community.
The landscape of Valaam is not heard directly through field recordings of waves, wind or bells. Instead, it enters the music through pacing and resonance. The chants feel shaped by stone churches, long winters and a monastic schedule in which prayer divides the day more decisively than clocks. The environment has entered the voices without needing to be illustrated.
This edition is dated 1999, though the underlying album and performances are also associated with the choir’s mid-1990s period. That was an important stage in Valaam’s modern restoration. Monastic life had only recently returned after decades of Soviet interruption, and the brotherhood’s recordings formed part of a larger effort to recover worship, chant and institutional memory. The music does not advertise this history, but it gives the word “restoration” a sound: old melodies being sung by living men in a revived monastery.
The compact disc itself reinforces the album’s austere visual identity. Its black surface is covered with fragments of chant notation in muted gold, as if a manuscript had been enlarged until individual signs became architecture. The center hole interrupts the notation, turning the music into a pattern extending beyond what the disc can contain. The design avoids faces and decorative religious imagery. Written sound becomes the image.
The Athos of the North is not organized as a dramatic narrative with a climax waiting near the end. Its structure is closer to spiritual deepening. Each chant introduces another dimension of attention: praise, repentance, doctrine, silence, mercy and return. The album circles these states because monastic life circles them daily. Repetition is not failure to progress. It is the method through which words move from memory into habit and from habit toward understanding.
The choir’s greatest achievement is making collective discipline sound intimate. These voices can produce enormous chords, yet the recording rarely feels public in the theatrical sense. It gives the impression of being admitted near something that would continue without an audience. The monks are not singing in order to communicate an atmosphere called “sacred.” They are singing texts whose sacred function already exists.
That difference gives the disc its unusual gravity. Many recordings of religious music ask to be admired. The Athos of the North asks the listener to become quiet enough to remain beside it. The monk continues across the icy water, the basses establish ground beneath the chant, and a Greek melodic line enters the cold northern air without losing its origin. Nothing is hurried. Nothing is displayed unnecessarily. The music crosses the distance one measured stroke at a time.



Aryeh Frankfurter - 1998 - Harp Songs of the Midnight Sun

 

Lionharp Music – AJFCD04  323.05MB FLAC

Harp Songs of the Midnight Sun opens with “Folksong,” and the title’s plainness is almost deceptive. Aryeh Frankfurter does not begin with a grand overture announcing Scandinavia through thunder, mountains and heroic myth. He begins with melody itself, carried by harp in a setting whose calm surface contains far more arrangement than it initially reveals. Notes ring, overlap and recede while other instruments enter so naturally that the piece seems to widen from within. The effect is intimate, but not small. Frankfurter turns the opening tune into a landscape without forcing it to pose as one.
Released in 1998 on his own Lionharp Music label, the album was Frankfurter’s fourth CD and an early attempt to place the Celtic folk harp inside Nordic traditional music. That combination is the record’s central experiment. The harp arrives with associations formed through Irish and Scottish repertoire, but most of the material comes from Sweden and Norway, where fiddle traditions, regional dances and sharply profiled melodies developed through different instrumental bodies. Frankfurter does not pretend the harp has always occupied the center of these tunes. He asks what happens when its resonance, sustain and delicacy are used to carry music more commonly associated with bowed strings.
“The Morning Dew” gives the experiment room to breathe. At more than five minutes, it unfolds slowly enough for the harp’s decay to become part of the rhythm. Frankfurter avoids filling every space. One phrase hangs in the air while another instrument enters beneath it, creating the sensation of mist lifting without the arrangement resorting to obvious environmental effects. The title encourages visual association, but the music earns the image through pacing rather than decoration.
The album is entirely arranged and performed by Frankfurter, which makes its ensemble sound especially striking. Harp, bowed strings and other acoustic colors appear to converse as though several musicians had gathered around the same material. Yet every response, counterline and shift in texture comes from one arranger imagining the full room. The multitracking never feels like a technical stunt. It serves the tunes by giving them companions.
“The Water Lily” is especially graceful, but its beauty is not weightless. The melody floats above the accompaniment while lower notes provide a dark reflection beneath it. Frankfurter understands that a harp can become overly decorative when every gesture emphasizes shimmer. Here he allows bass strings and slower harmonic movement to give the instrument depth. The flower remains on the surface, but the water below it is cold and substantial.
“Spring Waltz” introduces motion with a three-beat rhythm that seems to turn rather than march. Frankfurter does not push the dance toward ballroom polish. The pulse remains flexible, with slight emphasis changes making the melody feel guided by bodies rather than a metronome. Harp arpeggios can easily make a waltz sound overly sweet, but the arrangement preserves a rustic unevenness around the tune. Spring appears as thaw and movement, not pastel decoration.
“Halling after Ola Mosafinn” changes the album’s physical character. The Norwegian halling is a vigorous dance tradition, often associated with athletic male performance and sharply articulated rhythm. Moving that energy onto harp could have weakened it, but Frankfurter treats the instrument percussively as well as melodically. Notes strike and release with greater attack, while accompanying parts establish the ground required for the dance to remain bodily.
This is one of the album’s recurring achievements. Frankfurter does not force every regional tune into the same gentle harp atmosphere. The instrument changes posture according to the material. Waltzes rotate, hallings stamp, marches advance and polskas lean into their distinctive rhythmic asymmetry. The record remains coherent because his touch and arranging sensibility unify it, not because every piece has been softened into one mood.
The paired waltzes after Pål Karl Persson and Sven Anders Andersson demonstrate how closely related forms can retain separate personalities. One melody gives way to the next without sounding like a random medley. The first establishes a set of emotional expectations, then the second alters the light. Frankfurter’s counterlines help define the transition, allowing the tunes to recognize each other without merging completely.
“The Death of Madam Flod” carries one of the album’s most dramatic titles, and the arrangement accepts the gravity without turning into theatrical mourning. The melody moves with solemn patience, surrounded by darker string color and low harp resonance. Frankfurter lets sadness emerge from repetition and contour. No instrument begs for attention. The piece feels less like a staged funeral than a tune remembered after the person named in it has passed beyond explanation.
That restraint protects the album from slipping into fantasy-soundtrack excess. The music can suggest forests, snow, old houses and distant stories, but Frankfurter remains loyal to the tunes as dances, marches and songs. He does not bury them beneath cinematic atmosphere. When the arrangements become broad, the melody still leads.
“March from a Farm in Nåvårsetra” carries place directly in its title. The march does not sound military in the modern sense. Its forward movement feels connected to local procession, work and communal occasion. Frankfurter gives the rhythm firmness while preserving warmth, allowing the piece to advance without becoming rigid. The farm remains present not through field recording but through the tune’s practical stride.
“Polska after Pelle Petersson” brings Swedish rhythmic character into sharper focus. The polska’s triple meter is not the evenly balanced turn of a conventional waltz. Its accents can lean, hesitate and propel the dancer through a more complex cycle. Frankfurter handles that instability carefully. The harp articulates the pattern without flattening it, while the surrounding instruments emphasize the tune’s crooked elegance.
“Bridal March from Dalby” is ceremonial but not pompous. The melody carries dignity through repetition, suggesting a community recognizing a transition rather than an audience watching a spectacle. Frankfurter’s arrangement adds breadth gradually, allowing the procession to gather people as it moves. The harp supplies radiance, but the lower instruments keep the ceremony connected to earth and footsteps.
“Northfjord Halling,” the album’s longest dance piece, gives the arrangement space to develop beyond a single statement of the melody. Frankfurter adds layers, removes them and returns with altered emphasis, making the performance feel like sustained physical movement. The music has energy without speed becoming its only measure. Strength appears through endurance and rhythmic certainty.
The “Mocksand Tunes” bring several melodies into close contact, displaying Frankfurter’s skill at arranging sequence. He does not simply place one tune after another. Transitions become part of the composition, with the ending of one phrase preparing the tonal and rhythmic entrance of the next. The medley form resembles travel through neighboring villages where related musical dialects change by degrees.
“Bagpipe Tune from Norra Råda” presents another instrumental translation. A melody shaped by the continuous tone and drone relationships of bagpipe music must behave differently on a plucked instrument whose notes naturally decay. Frankfurter solves the problem through resonance, repeated patterns and sustained accompanying instruments. He does not imitate the bagpipe literally. He reconstructs the pressure and circularity that make the tune feel driven by air.
“A Little Child” turns inward again. The arrangement becomes especially tender, but Frankfurter avoids childish ornament or sentimental fragility. The melody is treated with seriousness, recognizing that music associated with childhood often carries the adult listener’s awareness of time. Harp notes appear exposed and clear, each one allowed to vanish fully before memory supplies the next.
The closing “Samhradh Samhradh/Farewell to Ireland” shifts the record westward. After an album dominated by Swedish and Norwegian material, the Irish tune introduces the harp’s more familiar cultural territory. Yet it no longer sounds like a return to normal. The preceding hour has changed the instrument. Frankfurter brings Nordic weight, pacing and arrangement into the Irish material, making the ending feel like a traveler arriving home with a different ear.
“Farewell to Ireland” is an appropriate final gesture because the entire album concerns movement between traditions. The Celtic harp travels north, learns new rhythmic languages and returns without claiming ownership over them. Frankfurter’s performance is interpretive rather than archaeological. He transcribes rigorously, but he also understands that a tune survives by entering new hands.
The album’s nearly sixty-nine-minute length allows that process to feel substantial. This is not a short sampler of pretty Scandinavian melodies. It is a fully developed argument for the harp as an instrument capable of carrying regional dance rhythm, tragedy, ceremony and landscape without reducing them to one soft-focus atmosphere.
Frankfurter’s great strength is arrangement. His playing is technically assured, but technique remains in service to balance. Nothing appears merely because another instrument was available. Countermelodies enter where the tune can support them. Bass lines strengthen motion. Bowed textures extend notes the harp cannot hold indefinitely. Silence prevents richness from becoming clutter.
Harp Songs of the Midnight Sun is gentle, but gentleness is not the same as passivity. Beneath its polished surfaces are dances, funerals, weddings, farms and melodies transmitted through named players. Frankfurter gives them room, color and new resonance while preserving the irregular bones inside them.
The midnight sun in the title captures the album’s emotional light. It is brightness existing where darkness would normally be expected, beautiful partly because it unsettles ordinary time. Frankfurter’s arrangements behave similarly. The harp sounds familiar, yet the music passing through it changes its identity. The instrument glows, the old tunes keep their shadows, and the entire record seems to remain awake long after the day should have ended.

Mortiis - 2020 - Road to Ruin (Prurient Extended Remix) [24B-44.1kHz]

 

Self Released  none  62.72MB FLAC

“Road to Ruin” begins as if Prurient has intercepted a Mortiis song in transit and dragged it into a damaged broadcast chamber. The recognizable industrial-rock body remains somewhere inside the mix, but its edges have been scorched, stretched and partially buried beneath electronic interference. Rhythm does not simply drive the track forward. It grinds against resistance. Vocals emerge through distortion as though forced across failing machinery, while bursts of noise turn every open space into another point of pressure. The remix does not decorate the original with extra abrasion. It makes abrasion the environment in which the song must continue functioning.
Released as a standalone digital track in 2020, this extended remix had already appeared in 2017 on The Great Corrupter, Mortiis’s collection of transformations drawn primarily from The Great Deceiver. The later single presentation isolates Prurient’s version from the larger remix project and gives it a different kind of weight. Instead of sitting among reconstructions by Godflesh, Die Krupps, Chris Vrenna, PIG, Apoptygma Berzerk and John Fryer, “Road to Ruin” stands alone for nearly six minutes, stripped of comparison and allowed to behave like a complete release.
That isolation suits the track. Prurient, the long-running project of Dominick Fernow, has never approached noise as a surface effect that can be placed politely around an existing composition. His strongest work treats distortion as structure, psychology and physical condition. Sound becomes something endured from within. The Mortiis track provides recognizable architecture, but Prurient attacks the distinction between song and surrounding damage until the two can no longer be separated.
The original “Road to Ruin” belongs to Mortiis’s Era 0 industrial language, a period continuing the aggressive electronic rock developed during The Grudge while removing some of that album’s polished theatrical armor. The song is already tense, bitter and rhythmically severe. Guitars, programming and voice form a compact mechanism built to deliver accusation. Prurient does not need to invent hostility. He changes its scale and direction.
Instead of allowing the song to strike outward with clean industrial force, the remix turns much of the aggression inward. Percussion feels enclosed, as if pounding against the walls of the mix rather than opening it. Distortion accumulates around the vocal until language becomes another unstable material. The track still moves, but the movement resembles machinery continuing after its controls have been damaged.
The extended structure gives this transformation time to become environmental. A shorter remix might establish its central texture, deliver the vocal and withdraw. At more than five and a half minutes, Prurient can allow repetition to change the listener’s physical relationship with the sound. A beat that initially functions as rhythm gradually becomes pressure. A noise layer first heard as background begins occupying the foreground. Familiar vocal fragments lose semantic clarity and become emotional residue.
This is where the high-resolution 24-bit, 44.1 kHz file matters as part of the artifact. The format does not make the remix clean, because cleanliness would contradict its purpose. It gives the dirt more room. Distortion contains gradients rather than one flat wall. High-frequency abrasion, low mechanical weight and buried midrange detail remain distinguishable even when the mix appears saturated. The file preserves the internal activity of the damage.
Noise music is often misunderstood as a refusal of detail. At low resolution or through careless playback, dense distortion can collapse into an undifferentiated block. Prurient’s work depends upon the opposite. The apparent wall contains movement, depth and changing points of emphasis. Some frequencies burn at the surface while others seem trapped several rooms away. The extended remix rewards listening into the mass rather than waiting for the mass to clear.
Mortiis’s vocal presence is crucial because it prevents the track from becoming an unrelated Prurient composition wearing another artist’s title. The voice retains enough shape to carry personality, anger and recognizable cadence. Yet it no longer controls the mix. It fights for position within an environment that repeatedly threatens to absorb it.
That reversal changes the emotional meaning of “Road to Ruin.” In a conventional industrial-rock mix, the vocalist often stands at the center as commanding figure, directing machinery and guitar toward the listener. Here the machinery appears indifferent to command. The voice sounds caught inside the system it once seemed to operate. Ruin is no longer a destination described by the singer. It is the condition of the recording.
The percussion carries much of the track’s bodily force. Prurient does not eliminate the beat in favor of pure abstraction. He allows rhythm to persist as a damaged spine. Its repetition creates forward movement while the surrounding noise continually disputes that movement. The listener receives propulsion and obstruction at once.
This conflict connects Mortiis and Prurient more naturally than their surface histories might suggest. Mortiis emerged from black metal and developed an isolated dungeon-synth world before moving through darkwave, industrial rock and hostile electronic performance. Prurient grew through American noise, industrial electronics and power-electronics intensity while repeatedly incorporating rhythm, melody and emotionally exposed vocals. Both projects resist remaining inside the genres most closely attached to their names.
The remix becomes a meeting point between Mortiis’s constructed persona and Prurient’s methods of erosion. Mortiis has always treated identity as something built through masks, costume, mythology and sonic eras. Prurient frequently makes identity sound unstable, overwhelmed by confession, repetition and noise. “Road to Ruin” places a deliberately constructed voice inside a process that keeps wearing construction away.
There is no easy moment when the remix opens into clarity and reveals a purified core. Prurient avoids the familiar structure where noisy verses lead toward a clean, triumphant chorus. Any clarity that appears is temporary. The track repeatedly lets the listener recognize part of the original, then exposes that recognition to another layer of disruption.
This makes the remix less suitable for passive industrial-club listening than its beat might initially suggest. The rhythm is strong, but the mix refuses to remain comfortably functional. Textures scrape against the pulse. Frequencies crowd the vocal. The track can move a body while simultaneously making that movement feel constrained.
The title gains additional force through this arrangement. “Road to Ruin” usually suggests a journey, a sequence of choices leading toward collapse. Prurient removes much of the open road. His version sounds like the listener has already entered the ruined zone and is attempting to reconstruct the journey from damaged evidence.
The extended ending does not provide a clean exit. Elements erode, repeat and continue carrying the pressure accumulated across the track. Even as the structure begins to loosen, the atmosphere remains contaminated. The remix does not finish by restoring Mortiis’s original authority. It leaves the song altered by having survived inside Prurient’s system.
As part of The Great Corrupter, the track demonstrated the flexibility of Mortiis’s material. Other remixers emphasized groove, metallic force, electronics or gothic drama. Prurient concentrated on vulnerability within saturation. The 2020 standalone release makes that interpretation easier to hear as a complete statement rather than one entry in a roster of notable collaborators.
The file is compact, but it contains two histories grinding together. Mortiis contributes the industrial song, the recognizable voice and the image of self-destruction as forward motion. Prurient contributes corrosion, spatial instability and the refusal to let distortion remain decorative. Neither disappears completely.
What remains is not Mortiis cleaned up for noise listeners or Prurient restrained for industrial-rock audiences. It is a hostile middle territory where song form keeps trying to stand while the floor beneath it vibrates apart. The road is still visible in fragments. The ruin has already begun.

Monday, October 27, 2025

Mangled Clit - 2022 - Erotakill 2xCD

 


Hospital Productions – HOS-777  676.65MB FLAC

Erotakill does not begin by inviting the listener into a scene. It begins by sealing the exits. The first disc immediately establishes the Mangled Clit method as pressure rather than composition in any conventional sense: electronics pushed into unstable density, voices degraded until language becomes threat, and repetition used not to create groove but to remove orientation. The sound feels less performed than activated. Once it begins, the room seems to shrink around it.
Hospital Productions’ 2022 two-CD edition gathers the group’s two legendary cassette releases, SS66/72 and Purveyors of Cruelty, into one deliberately excessive object. The set does not resemble a retrospective designed to make difficult work approachable. Nothing has been reorganized into a polite historical survey, and the material has not been softened into tasteful “industrial ambience.” The original recordings are restored clearly enough for their internal violence to become more distinct, but the restoration does not disinfect them. Tape damage, unstable levels, overloaded signals and decomposed voices remain part of the architecture.
That distinction matters. Noise reissues can become strangely respectable when transferred to compact disc. A scarce cassette once surrounded by rumor, duplication loss and private circulation may suddenly arrive with clean indexing, professional mastering and deluxe packaging. Erotakill uses those advantages without allowing them to neutralize the recordings. The digital format makes every layer easier to locate, but locating a layer only reveals another damaged surface behind it.
Mangled Clit emerged from New York’s underground noise culture with a reputation shaped as much by absence as output. The discography was small, the tapes difficult to obtain and the project’s imagery designed to trigger rejection before listening even began. Hospital’s description of the group as controversial and infamous is not ordinary label inflation. The name alone functioned as a barrier, while the recordings pushed past provocation into a form of pressure electronics too ugly, personal and structurally strange to become simple shock merchandise.
SS66/72 carries the more primitive aura of the two programs. Its sounds appear scraped directly from machinery before anyone decided whether they should become music. Low electronic currents swell beneath bursts of sharper frequency, while voices enter already partially destroyed. There is rarely a stable foreground. A scream, spoken fragment or repeated phrase may seem momentarily central, then disappear into distortion as another frequency takes control.
The voices are crucial because they prevent the material from becoming anonymous harsh noise. They are not clear enough to function as conventional lyrics, yet too emotionally charged to become texture alone. Words seem to rot during transmission. Tone, breath and hostility survive after syntax begins falling apart. The listener is left with the sensation of overhearing something private through damaged wiring, unable to determine whether the transmission is confession, threat or command.
This uncertainty gives Mangled Clit a different character from noise built entirely around volume. Loudness is present, but the recordings are more interested in contamination. Sound enters other sound and changes it. A low drone becomes polluted by a voice. Feedback cuts through a sustained electronic mass, then remains embedded inside it. Repetition does not clarify the structure. It causes each element to lose its original identity.
The cassette source remains audible in the pacing. These pieces were not designed as isolated tracks competing for immediate attention. They accumulate through duration, with one passage staining whatever follows. Tape encourages this kind of listening because it resists easy navigation. Even after the material has been divided across CD tracks, the original sense of being trapped within a continuous side remains.
Purveyors of Cruelty is more focused without becoming cleaner. The title identifies cruelty not as an event but as a product being distributed. The electronics feel more deliberate, with long zones of pressure interrupted by vocal incursions and sudden changes in density. If SS66/72 sounds discovered in the act of malfunctioning, Purveyors sounds built to malfunction in specific ways.
The second program also makes better use of restraint. Some passages pull back far enough for the room around the signal to become audible. This does not create relief. It creates anticipation. A reduced hum can feel more threatening than a wall of distortion because the listener begins waiting for the next rupture. Mangled Clit understand that pressure depends upon contrast, even when the contrasts occur between different degrees of damage.
The group’s New York identity survives without field recordings, street samples or obvious references to location. The city appears through compression, confrontation and the absence of pastoral space. This is not New York imagined through skyline grandeur or nightclub glamour. It is a closed interior, overheated equipment, neighbors on the other side of a wall and electricity forced through inadequate connections.
The recordings belong to an era when underground noise could remain genuinely difficult to locate. A cassette might circulate through mail, trades, small lists or personal recommendation, accumulating reputation faster than reliable information. That obscurity was not automatically artistic virtue, but it altered the listener’s encounter. Music arrived without searchable biography, streaming preview or consensus. The object might be the only explanation available.
Erotakill recreates some of that encounter through withholding. The packaging includes photographs and a poster, yet the release still refuses a comfortable narrative. It does not explain the project into harmlessness. The material is presented as a complete discography, but completeness does not produce understanding. Hearing everything only confirms how little the recordings care about making their intentions legible.
The two-CD length intensifies this refusal. A single cassette side of extreme electronics can be experienced as a concentrated assault. Two discs create a different psychological condition. The listener begins noticing exhaustion, adaptation and changing sensitivity. Frequencies that seemed unbearable at first become environmental. Quieter sections grow louder in perception. The ears start searching for pattern because the mind wants a structure capable of containing the duration.
Mangled Clit repeatedly deny that comfort. Patterns emerge, but they rarely develop toward release. A repeated vocal fragment may suggest a refrain, yet it does not return with the emotional function of a chorus. It becomes more degraded, more irritating or more distant. Rhythm appears as pulse without dance. Texture thickens without reaching climax. The music creates expectation and then leaves expectation active.
This makes Erotakill less theatrical than its title and reputation might suggest. The imagery is extreme, but the sound does not behave like a staged spectacle with clearly timed shocks. Its cruelty is procedural. Electronics continue applying pressure regardless of whether the listener remains impressed. The recordings do not seem interested in reaction because reaction has already been absorbed into the mechanism.
The mastering is important here. “Restored” does not mean transformed into modern loudness. The best passages retain depth inside distortion. Low frequencies possess body, midrange voices remain buried at varying distances and high feedback cuts without flattening everything around it. The transfer allows the original tape character to remain unstable while making that instability more physically precise.
The booklet and miniature poster turn what once circulated as fragile cassette culture into a substantial archival package, but the deluxe form creates a productive contradiction. Something designed to feel forbidden, disposable or contaminated now arrives as an edition built to survive. Hospital Productions treats the material as history without requiring it to become respectable.
That preservation also exposes how narrow the distance can be between underground legend and forgotten tape. Mangled Clit’s output was “quality over quantity” partly because there was so little of it. The lack of a sprawling catalog concentrated attention on these recordings, allowing each cassette to gather rumor. Erotakill places both in one location and tests whether the sound can survive the disappearance of scarcity.
It does. The recordings remain hostile because their power was never dependent entirely upon rarity. The obscurity helped build the surrounding mythology, but the electronics themselves possess enough internal tension to withstand availability. The tapes may no longer require years of searching, yet the listening experience still refuses convenience.
Erotakill is therefore both archive and endurance test. It documents a small, notorious body of work while preserving the sensation that documentation itself may be another form of exposure. Two discs, a booklet and a poster should make the project easier to grasp. Instead, they provide more surfaces through which its refusal can be examined.
The set ends without explaining what has been survived. Voices have decomposed, electronics have crowded the available space and repetition has stripped familiar listening habits down to raw attention. The title promises erotic murder, but the real subject is prolonged contact with damaged signal. Nothing seduces cleanly. Nothing dies quickly. The machine remains on long after the listener has understood that it was never built to provide an exit.

Mangled Clit - 1996 - Purveyors Of Cruelty CS

Slaughter Productions ‎– 094

Purveyors of Cruelty begins with the feeling that something has already been running for hours behind a locked door. There is no theatrical entrance, no clean ignition and no attempt to establish a welcoming foreground. The tape seems to catch Mangled Clit in progress, electronics grinding against overloaded levels while degraded voices push through the mass as if they have been recorded from the far side of an argument. The sound is dense, but not static. Low currents swell, sharper frequencies scrape across them and fragments of speech repeatedly threaten to become understandable before distortion removes the words again. The cassette does not present cruelty as a dramatic event. It presents cruelty as a process that has become routine.
Issued by Marco Corbelli’s Slaughter Productions as catalog number SPT 94, the cassette belongs to the label’s extraordinary mid-1990s run of industrial noise, death electronics, private obsession and deliberately hostile physical artifacts. Slaughter Productions was not a neutral distribution system placing different artists beneath one logo. Corbelli’s own work as Atrax Morgue established a psychological climate around the imprint: isolation, death, compulsion, bodily anxiety and electronics used as instruments of confinement. Purveyors of Cruelty fits that climate without sounding like an imitation of Atrax Morgue. Mangled Clit bring a more crowded, unstable and confrontational form of pressure, one in which voice and electronics appear to contaminate each other.
The original C60 format is essential to the recording’s effect. Sixty minutes is long enough for an abrasive cassette to stop behaving like a sequence of pieces and become an environment. The listener does not simply encounter one harsh passage, recover and prepare for another. Sound from the first section remains psychologically active while later material arrives. The tape accumulates pressure because rewinding, skipping and cleanly indexing individual moments are contrary to its natural movement. Once a side begins, the mechanism encourages endurance.
That endurance is different from the experience offered by the later Erotakill two-CD collection. The 2022 set preserved the music, clarified its internal layers and placed Purveyors of Cruelty within Mangled Clit’s tiny surviving discography. The original cassette has no such historical framing. It arrives alone, without the reassurance that time has already classified it as an archival object. Its duplication quality, continuous sides and limited visual information make the music feel less explained and more immediate.
The electronics are aggressive, but they rarely settle into the smooth totality of a pure harsh-noise wall. Mangled Clit leave openings, weak points and uneven surfaces inside the sound. A low drone may dominate for several minutes before a thin frequency begins cutting across it. A voice enters too close to the microphone, overloaded until emotion remains clearer than language. Mechanical pulses emerge, suggesting rhythm, then lose enough regularity to become another form of agitation.
This instability keeps the cassette physically alert. The listener cannot relax into one consistent density because the relationship between elements keeps changing. Sometimes the voice appears trapped beneath the electronics. Elsewhere it occupies the surface, pressing the machines into the background. At certain moments the entire mix seems to collapse into one dirty midrange block, only for a bass vibration or high feedback edge to reveal that depth still exists inside it.
The voices give Purveyors of Cruelty its human threat. Without them, the material could be heard as abstract electrical pressure, hostile but impersonal. Mangled Clit allow breath, strain and speech rhythm to survive inside the distortion. The words may be obscured, yet the body delivering them remains present. A phrase repeats with the persistence of accusation. A yell breaks apart under overload. A quieter voice appears briefly, making the surrounding noise feel more invasive because something vulnerable has become audible inside it.
This use of language without stable meaning is more unsettling than a clearly stated provocation. Once a sentence can be understood, the listener can evaluate it and place it at a distance. Mangled Clit repeatedly deny that distance. The emotional posture is obvious, but the precise message remains damaged. The listener is forced to confront hostility without the comfort of knowing exactly what produced it.
The title frames the project as distribution. These are not merely acts of cruelty or observers of cruelty, but purveyors, people who supply it as a continuing product. That commercial language makes the cassette sound almost professional in its intention. Cruelty is stocked, circulated and delivered through the same underground mail networks that moved cassettes, catalogs and letters between noise artists. The title quietly implicates the object itself. Buying, trading or copying the tape becomes part of the distribution system it names.
Slaughter Productions was perfectly suited to that idea. The label’s releases often blurred the boundary between music, evidence and psychological artifact. A cassette could feel like a document received from one private fixation rather than an album entering a public marketplace. Catalog numbers created continuity, but the releases frequently resisted ordinary consumer expectations through severe imagery, limited information and sounds that offered no obvious social use.
Purveyors of Cruelty does not function as entertainment in the conventional sense, yet it is carefully shaped. Mangled Clit understand pacing. Maximum density would become monotonous if maintained without alteration, so the tape repeatedly changes the location of pressure. A quieter passage can feel more dangerous than a loud one because it allows anticipation to expand. A repeated pulse creates the possibility of rhythm, then another frequency enters and makes that rhythm feel compulsory rather than liberating.
The recording also benefits from the limitations of cassette. Tape compression rounds the most violent peaks while adding its own hiss and saturation, binding separate sound sources into one unstable body. Low frequencies can become soft-edged but heavy, while higher noise gathers a grain impossible to reproduce through perfectly clean digital recording. The medium does not merely contain the electronics. It processes them continuously.
Small fluctuations in level and tonal balance reinforce the sense that the tape is alive in an unhealthy way. The sound can lean to one side, narrow unexpectedly or seem to recede before surging back. Whether these changes originated in performance, mixing, duplication or the specific surviving copy becomes impossible to determine. That uncertainty is part of the artifact. Production and deterioration cooperate.
The cassette’s obscurity also shaped its reputation. In 1996, a release like this could circulate far more slowly than information about it. A title, project name or partial description might travel through catalogs before the actual tape reached a listener. Mangled Clit’s confrontational name intensified that distance, announcing extremity while withholding almost everything else. The music could gather an aura before anyone nearby had heard it.
That aura would mean little if the tape itself were merely generic provocation. Purveyors of Cruelty survives because its sound remains difficult to stabilize. It does not settle into the familiar language of power electronics built around one clearly dominant vocal and one continuous synthesizer assault. It feels more tangled. Electronics scrape, voices rot and repeated structures continually lose their center.
The lack of a large discography gives the cassette additional concentration. Mangled Clit did not produce a long sequence of increasingly professional albums explaining their development. Purveyors of Cruelty sits beside SS66/72 as one of the project’s central surviving statements. The small output makes every minute feel less like one stage in a career than part of a sealed body of evidence.
This does not mean scarcity automatically creates quality. Plenty of obscure noise cassettes remain obscure because they contain little beyond imitation or undeveloped impulse. Purveyors of Cruelty has structure, personality and an atmosphere distinct enough to survive the disappearance of its original rarity. The later reissue confirmed that, but the cassette had already carried the proof in its grooves of magnetic oxide.
Its strongest passages are those where sound begins to suggest organization without becoming orderly. A pulse appears beneath a voice, and for a moment the recording resembles a damaged industrial song. Then timing slips, noise thickens and the possible song is swallowed. Elsewhere a sustained electronic tone behaves almost like an organ note until distortion corrodes its edges and removes any spiritual comfort.
This continual near-recognition is the tape’s trap. The listener keeps identifying possible forms: rhythm, speech, drone, confession, machine. None remains stable long enough to become a reliable guide. Mangled Clit use recognizable materials but keep them in states of failure.
Purveyors of Cruelty ends without giving the impression that the process has truly stopped. The cassette side reaches its physical limit, and the mechanism removes the sound. That is different from a composition arriving at a conclusion. The pressure appears capable of continuing beyond the available tape, still running behind the door where the recording first found it.
As an original Slaughter Productions cassette, the release remains more than an early version of material later collected on compact disc. Its format, duration and context determine how it behaves. The tape asks to be entered from the beginning, endured through two uninterrupted sides and accepted without archival explanation.
The 2022 edition allows Mangled Clit to be examined. The 1996 cassette allows them to remain dangerous. Its hiss, saturation, damaged voices and shifting electrical weight form a closed system whose purpose is never fully stated. Cruelty is not pictured arriving with a weapon or announced by a scream. It is manufactured slowly, duplicated onto magnetic tape and supplied in quantities small enough to become rumor.

Lefthandeddecision - 2025 - 1997-2002 2xCD

 

Troniks – TRO-358  880.23MB FLAC

1997–2002 opens with noise that sounds less composed than wrestled into temporary shape. The first untitled piece crackles, spits and drags itself forward through damaged electronics whose behavior seems only partly under control. Frequencies bloom too hard, collapse, then return from another angle. The recording is rough, but not vague. Every scrape, overloaded pulse and unstable current feels physically present, as though a teenage Phil Blankenship had discovered that broken equipment could produce its own vocabulary if pushed past the point of expected use.
This two-CD set documents Lefthandeddecision before The Cherry Point, before Troniks became a major American noise label and before Blankenship’s name accumulated the history now attached to it. The material spans five years, from the project’s primitive beginnings in 1997 through recordings made around 2002, gathering pieces from self-released cassettes, international compilations, scarce editions and live performances. The set does not polish those sources into a false studio album. It lets the years remain audible.
That chronology is important because Lefthandeddecision changes across the collection without ever becoming respectable. The earliest material has the desperate immediacy of someone working with whatever could be borrowed, damaged or made to malfunction. Sounds are short, abrupt and frequently unstable. Pieces appear to discover their own form while recording is already underway. There is no concern with establishing one signature texture and protecting it. Noise is used as trial, error and emotional discharge.
The ten shorter pieces opening the first disc behave like fragments ripped from a larger private practice. Several last barely two minutes, striking quickly before disappearing. One may concentrate on a scraping midrange texture, another on low electrical pressure, another on high-frequency corrosion. Their brevity prevents them from settling into environmental listening. Each one is an object thrown into the room.
The untitled track names reinforce that bluntness. No titles direct the listener toward a theme, image or emotional interpretation. The music arrives without literary framing. This anonymity can make the tracks feel like evidence from an ongoing experiment rather than completed works waiting for individual recognition. The sequence asks the listener to hear differences in density, attack and movement rather than remember a list of names.
By the eleventh piece, which stretches past twenty-seven minutes, the collection reveals another side of Lefthandeddecision. The short shocks give way to endurance. Noise expands into an unstable field where repetition, equipment hum and slow changes in pressure become the actual structure. The piece does not simply continue one loud idea for half an hour. It keeps altering the relationship between crackle, bass weight and abrasive upper frequencies until the listener’s sense of scale changes.
Long-form noise creates a different kind of attention. At first the ear searches for events. Eventually the continuous mass becomes an environment, and smaller fluctuations begin to feel enormous. A thin tone entering near the surface can change the perceived temperature of the whole piece. A brief reduction in volume feels more dramatic than another eruption. Lefthandeddecision uses duration to retrain perception rather than merely demonstrate stamina.
The sound itself belongs to an era of American underground noise when low fidelity was not an aesthetic filter selected from a software menu. It resulted from cheap tape, mismatched connections, damaged speakers, borrowed pedals and recording chains that added their own distortions. These limitations did not simply reduce clarity. They produced the music’s character. A signal clips in one device, loses body in another and reaches cassette with a layer of hiss binding the damage together.
The remastering gives these recordings new physical definition without pretending they were ever clean. John Wiese’s work allows the crust and crunch to remain layered rather than collapsing into one gray wall. Low frequencies carry more weight, brittle textures keep their edges and buried movements can be followed beneath the surface. The set sounds restored, but not sanitized.
The second disc feels more concentrated and deliberate. The textures remain corroded, yet there is a growing sense that Blankenship understands exactly how much instability to preserve. Longer pieces develop through controlled accumulation, while shorter tracks strike with sharper internal logic. Primitive experimentation begins turning into a method.
That transition foreshadows The Cherry Point, though Lefthandeddecision never sounds like an early sketch waiting to become a more important project. The later work would often push saturation toward enormous physical force, using harsh noise as a dense, punishing continuum. Lefthandeddecision is more ragged and porous. Gaps remain inside the sound. Frequencies fail unevenly. The machinery seems exposed.
Those weak points are often the most interesting parts. A burst of static can briefly open enough space for a low tone to appear behind it. A repeated scraping figure starts to resemble rhythm before losing its regularity. Feedback circles toward a stable pitch, then breaks apart just before becoming melodic. The music continually approaches recognizable forms and refuses to remain inside them.
This refusal separates the collection from noise built solely around maximum volume. 1997–2002 contains loudness, but the real subject is texture under stress. Every sound appears to be changing state. Hiss becomes rhythm, distortion becomes atmosphere and electrical failure becomes phrasing. The listener is not asked merely to withstand the recording. The listener is asked to examine what damage can organize.
The live material adds another dimension. Studio or bedroom noise can be assembled through layering, editing and repeated attempts. Live performance places the equipment in public time. A mistake cannot be quietly removed, and a developing texture must be followed wherever it goes. The longer live passages feel dangerous because they retain the possibility of collapse without allowing collapse to end the performance.
The two-CD length also reveals how quickly Blankenship was learning. Five years is a short period, but the distance between the earliest bursts and the later extended pieces is substantial. The first recordings often sound like discovery through collision. By the end, collision has become compositional material. The noise remains raw, yet the timing of density, interruption and repetition grows more confident.
The packaging’s refusal to provide detailed source notes creates a productive frustration. The listener knows that the set pulls from cassettes, rare releases and performances, but individual tracks are not neatly assigned to dates and editions. This removes part of the archival map. Instead of hearing each piece as a historical item with a fixed origin, the material becomes one long development whose exact boundaries remain hidden.
That choice suits Lefthandeddecision. The project was born before searchable discographies and instant online context could stabilize every obscure tape. Recordings circulated through mail, trades and small labels, often arriving with minimal explanation. Information moved unevenly. A project might be known first through rumor, a compilation appearance or one copied cassette. The music carried its own incomplete history.
1997–2002 recreates some of that uncertainty while making the recordings widely accessible for the first time. Over two hours of material once scattered across formats now sit inside one six-panel digipak, released jointly by Helicopter and Troniks, the label Blankenship would later establish. The object folds early experimentation back into the infrastructure that grew from it.
There is something satisfying in that circle. Troniks eventually became a major conduit for American harsh noise, but this collection returns to the period before there was a stable label identity to support the work. Lefthandeddecision sounds like the activity that made such infrastructure necessary: too much sound, too many experiments and too much restless energy to remain contained by borrowed gear and self-released tapes.
The final fifteen-minute track does not resolve the history. It stretches the project’s methods into one last field of abrasive motion, allowing sound to erode, gather and continue without offering a ceremonial ending. The collection stops because the disc reaches its limit, not because Lefthandeddecision has completed a narrative.
That is the correct ending for an archive built from unfinished pressure. 1997–2002 does not present a young artist moving neatly from immaturity to mastery. It preserves years of testing, failing, repeating and discovering what broken sound could do. The later reputation of The Cherry Point and Troniks may bring listeners to the set, but the recordings do not need those achievements to justify them.
Lefthandeddecision already contains a complete world: corroded tape, unstable voltage, borrowed equipment and teenage frustration converted into texture. The noise is primitive because the tools were primitive, but also because the project kept reaching for sound before convention could tell it what the result should become. Two decades later, the rust has not fallen away. The remaster simply makes every flake easier to hear.

Saturday, October 25, 2025

Kiyoshi Mizutani - 1995 - Millstone

 

Pure – PURE33  225.10MB FLAC

Millstone opens as though a heavy object has been set into motion somewhere beyond the edge of sight. The title piece does not announce itself with a clean attack or recognizable instrument. It gathers through friction, low pressure, metallic resonance and stretches of sound that seem to scrape against their own weight. Kiyoshi Mizutani lets the material develop slowly enough that the listener begins noticing not only what is present, but how every sound occupies space. A rumble is never merely low frequency. It has distance, grain and a surface. A sharp metallic strike does not decorate the background. It cuts a temporary opening into the mass, then leaves the air altered after it disappears.
Released in 1995 by Pure as PURE33, Millstone contains only three pieces: the thirty-one-minute title track, “A Flint,” and “Incineration.” The sparse tracklist gives each title enormous responsibility. These are not poetic labels attached to loosely related abstractions. They describe physical processes. A millstone crushes through continuous rotation. Flint creates ignition through impact. Incineration reduces material through heat. Mizutani organizes the album around pressure, spark and destruction, but the sound never becomes a simple illustration of those words. Each piece behaves like a study of matter changing under force.
The title track’s duration is crucial. Thirty-one minutes allows the initial textures to stop feeling like events and become an environment. At first the ear searches for sources: metal, machinery, field recording, processed object, electrical hum. Mizutani gradually makes that question less important. Once the piece has established its density, the listener begins tracking movement within the sound rather than trying to identify what produced it.
This shift is central to Mizutani’s work. His earlier history with Merzbow connected him to Japanese noise at a point when found sound, improvisation, tape manipulation and physical objects were still central to the project’s identity. After leaving, Mizutani developed a solo language increasingly attentive to environmental recording and the musical information contained inside ordinary sound. Millstone stands near the border between those worlds. It retains the abrasion and density associated with noise, but its attention behaves more like field recording. Sound is not merely forced into submission. It is observed while pressure reveals its internal detail.
The title piece feels heavy because its movement is slow and repetitive, not because it depends upon constant maximum volume. Layers grind against one another with small variations, creating the sensation of rotation. Certain textures return, but they never return unchanged. A low vibration may thicken, lose definition and begin resembling distant traffic or machinery. A higher scrape may emerge as a bright edge, then become absorbed into a broader hiss. Repetition here is wear.
A millstone performs work by remaining in contact. It does not strike once and withdraw. It presses, turns and reduces grain through duration. Mizutani uses the same principle compositionally. The piece develops through prolonged contact between textures. Nothing needs to explode because the real violence is continuous.
Silence and near-silence matter within this weight. Mizutani allows sections to thin enough that small sounds become exposed. A faint click or distant metallic movement can suddenly feel enormous because the surrounding density has receded. These quieter intervals do not provide conventional relief. They sharpen attention. The listener begins waiting for the next surface to enter, and that expectation becomes part of the pressure.
“A Flint” is shorter and more concentrated. Its twelve minutes feel built around contact points, sparks and brief bursts of harder definition. Where “Millstone” grinds, “A Flint” strikes. The sound carries more abrupt contrast, with sharper attacks cutting through lower sustained material. Mizutani does not turn the piece into rhythmic percussion, but impact repeatedly suggests the possibility of rhythm before the pattern dissolves.
The title is exact because flint is useful only when brought against another surface. It contains potential that must be released through collision. The piece behaves similarly. Individual sounds rarely remain isolated. One attack activates another frequency, one scrape exposes a drone and one sudden burst of noise changes how the listener hears the quieter material around it.
There is something almost geological in the record’s pacing. Mizutani’s textures do not sound designed to represent dramatic human emotion. They suggest stone, mineral, pressure, heat and material existing on a slower timescale. Yet the album never becomes cold in the sense of detachment. The sounds are too tactile. They feel handled, recorded at close range and allowed to retain their irregular edges.
This tactile quality separates Millstone from electronic noise built entirely from synthesizer saturation. Even when the source cannot be identified, the recording carries the impression of contact with physical material. Surfaces scrape. Objects resonate. Air moves around impact. The microphone appears to be listening to pressure rather than merely capturing volume.
“Incineration” completes the sequence by replacing grinding and striking with reduction. The track feels less stable, as though its materials are being consumed while the listener hears them. High frequencies become more active, textures dry out and the sound appears to shed layers instead of accumulating them. The process is not spectacular. There is no cinematic firestorm. Incineration occurs as gradual disappearance.
The piece’s shorter form gives it a severe efficiency. After the long rotation of “Millstone” and the concentrated collisions of “A Flint,” “Incineration” feels like the final consequence. Matter has been crushed, opened and exposed. Now it is converted into residue.
Mizutani’s control is clearest in how little he needs to add. Millstone does not crowd the stereo field with endless competing gestures. Each sound has enough room to reveal its shape. A drone can stretch until its texture becomes audible. A metallic resonance can decay completely rather than being buried beneath the next event. The music remains dense, but the density is organized through space.
This patience reflects Mizutani’s later statements about field recording. He has described becoming interested in sounds not produced by conventional instruments, including the noise of daily life and nature. He often uses field recordings without effects or additional layers, occasionally restructuring them but resisting unnecessary alteration. Millstone is not a pure nature recording, yet the same ethics of listening are present. The album does not treat sound as raw material that must be disguised before it becomes art.
Instead, composition begins with attention. A sound already contains rhythm, pitch, duration and information. Mizutani’s role is to place it where those properties can be heard.
The Pure edition also belongs to a specific 1990s underground CD culture. Compact disc offered extended duration, low background noise and the ability to present subtle detail alongside harsh material. Millstone uses that format well. The long title track can unfold without interruption, while the quieter textures remain audible beneath the heavier passages. The album feels designed for concentrated listening rather than casual sampling.
Its three-title structure also resists the temptation to explain too much. There are no descriptive notes guiding the listener toward a location or narrative. The physical words provide enough orientation. Stone, flint and fire become a vocabulary through which abstract sound can be felt bodily.
Millstone is heavy without behaving like harsh noise spectacle. It does not overwhelm through speed, density or aggression alone. Its weight comes from persistence. Sounds remain in contact long enough to change one another. Friction becomes form. Repetition becomes erosion. Silence becomes the space where pressure is measured.
The album’s deepest achievement is making material process audible without turning it into metaphor too quickly. A millstone is not merely a symbol of burden. It is a rotating surface performing work. Flint is not simply danger. It is potential released by impact. Incineration is not just destruction. It is transformation through heat.
Mizutani gives each process time, texture and consequence. By the end, the listener has not traveled through three songs so much as three states of matter. Something was placed beneath the stone, struck open and burned away. What remains is not silence exactly. It is the heightened awareness that silence is full of surfaces waiting to be heard.

Jeph Jerman - 2024 - Burn-im-rag

 

Buried In Slag And Debris. – BISAD 046  213.96MB FLAC

Burn-im-rag begins with a dry scatter of contact sounds that seem too small to support an entire side of vinyl. Something rubs, clicks, rolls, or catches against another surface. A faint environmental bed sits behind it, not silent but spacious enough that every disturbance acquires a precise location. Jeph Jerman does not rush to enlarge these fragments into a wall of sound. He lets them remain stubbornly physical. Each scrape contains the resistance of one material against another, and each short resonance measures the air surrounding it. The recording asks the listener to approach rather than preparing an impact from a distance.
The album contains two pieces, each occupying approximately one side of the LP. “Burn-im-rag 1” runs for eighteen minutes, while the second part continues for just over seventeen. The division suggests a matched pair rather than two unrelated compositions. Both were assembled during autumn 2023 from source recordings collected across twenty-five years in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, California, and Washington. Locations include Black Mesa, Colorado Springs, Cottonwood, the Jemez River, Joshua Tree, Seattle, and Twin Arrows. These sites are separated by hundreds of miles, yet Jerman removes the obvious travelogue markers that would make the album a sequence of scenic postcards. Wind, water, abandoned structures, insects, stone, and handled objects are brought together according to texture rather than geography.
This long collection period gives the record an unusual relationship with time. A sound recorded in 1998 can sit beside one captured in 2023 without being announced as older. Twenty-five years collapse into thirty-five minutes, but the materials retain evidence of different air, equipment, weather, and distance. Jerman does not attempt to make every source sound as though it occurred during one continuous afternoon. Small differences in recording texture remain, allowing the construction to breathe through its seams.
The title Burn-im-rag resembles a damaged instruction, phrase, place-name, or fragment overheard incorrectly. Its punctuation makes the words difficult to settle. “Burn” suggests heat, destruction, clearing, or exposure. “Rag” suggests cloth, waste material, improvised cleaning tool, or something worn down through repeated use. Between them sits “im,” neither fully grammatical nor entirely accidental. The title behaves like the recording: familiar materials placed close enough to produce meaning, but never forced into one stable explanation.
The first side grows through accumulation, though the growth is rarely linear. Loose grains of sound gather, separate, and return in altered combinations. Hard objects strike with little dramatic emphasis. Fibrous textures brush the microphone or another surface. Brief metallic resonances stretch farther than expected, their decays exposing the shape of the surrounding space. Jerman’s editing turns these events into relationships rather than demonstrations of unusual objects.
This is central to his work. Found materials are not interesting merely because they have been rescued from abandonment. Rusted metal, stone, branches, bone, wire, cloth, and architectural debris all possess ready-made cultural associations, but Jerman usually refuses to explain them into narrative. Their value begins with timbre. A deteriorating object changes shape, loses structural certainty, and responds differently when touched. Age becomes audible as looseness, brittleness, roughness, and unstable resonance.
The sound of deterioration is not necessarily loud. Burn-im-rag often works at a modest level, forcing attention toward small distinctions. One dry crack differs from another in length and weight. A soft rustle may reveal several overlapping movements when heard closely. What initially resembles background noise becomes a field of separate actions, each with its own depth.
This restraint prevents the album from becoming an exhibition of field-recording purity. Jerman is not presenting untouched locations and asking the listener to admire their authenticity. The sources have been assembled, edited, and placed in deliberate proximity. A desert recording can meet sound gathered beside a river. An urban room can open onto an abandoned roadside site. The composition exists in the friction between documentary sound and constructed listening.
“Burn-im-rag 1” occasionally approaches rhythm, but the patterns remain unstable. A repeated clack or scrape begins suggesting a pulse, only for another sound to interrupt its spacing. The body anticipates regularity and is denied it. Jerman does not destroy rhythm aggressively. He lets materials produce their own irregular timing, shaped by gravity, hand movement, wind, current, or the uneven surfaces upon which they fall.
The second side begins less like a continuation than another angle on the same pile of material. Its opening feels more exposed, with greater separation between events. Tiny movements appear against a broad environmental hush. The ear begins searching the apparent emptiness and discovers that nothing is actually still. Air shifts. Distant frequencies change. A faint contact sound appears at the edge of perception and makes the entire field feel newly occupied.
This attention to near-silence is different from using silence as dramatic pause. The quieter sections are full compositions in themselves. They allow the listener’s hearing to adjust until sounds previously treated as negligible become structural. A soft movement of debris can suddenly carry more weight than a loud impact because the ear has been prepared to follow its complete life from emergence through decay.
As the second part develops, denser clusters return. Materials tumble or are stirred, producing short bursts of layered friction. Some passages resemble the contents of a drawer being moved gently. Others suggest stones shifting under water, leaves crossing a hard surface, or small pieces of metal suspended from wire. The sources remain ambiguous because Jerman protects their sonic behavior from the limiting certainty of identification.
Knowing that a sound is “a rock” can end attention prematurely. The word replaces the event. Burn-im-rag reverses that habit. A rock, if a rock is present, becomes density, scrape, impact, resonance, and duration before it becomes an object again. The album encourages hearing matter without immediately translating it into names.
The geographic sources still matter, even when they cannot be separated by ear. Black Mesa and Twin Arrows carry histories of land use, travel, Indigenous presence, abandonment, and roadside change. Joshua Tree suggests desert wind and stone. Seattle introduces a wetter urban environment. The Jemez River provides water and movement. Yet the record does not package these locations into an argument about the American West. They survive as different acoustic pressures folded into one portable space.
That refusal of scenery makes Burn-im-rag feel more intimate than panoramic. The listener is rarely positioned before an enormous landscape. The microphone seems close to the ground, near surfaces and objects too minor to dominate ordinary attention. Jerman hears the environment from within its debris rather than from a scenic overlook.
The LP format strengthens this scale. Each side becomes a sustained field that cannot be reduced comfortably to isolated tracks. Turning the record over creates the album’s only major break, a manual interruption that mirrors the handled materials within the sound. Vinyl also gives the quieter textures a physical threshold. Surface noise can mingle with the recording, making it briefly uncertain whether a faint crackle belongs to the composition, the pressing, or the listener’s copy.
This ambiguity is appropriate for work assembled from sounds whose origins are already partially hidden. The record player adds another environment to the environments gathered between 1998 and 2023. Dust, static, stylus movement, room tone, and playback volume join the source material without asking permission.
Grant Richardson’s mastering preserves the differences between fragile detail and harder contact. The album is not pushed into uniform loudness. Small sounds retain room around them, while denser passages gain weight without flattening their internal motion. The dynamic range allows attention to move closer and farther away throughout each side.
The photographs by Jerman and Chris Gibson’s design extend the recording’s interest in surfaces without explaining it. The release belongs to Buried in Slag and Debris, a label name almost comically suited to Jerman’s attraction to overlooked and deteriorating matter. Yet Burn-im-rag is not a celebration of junk for its own sake. Debris becomes valuable because it reveals processes: rusting, drying, breaking, rubbing, weathering, and being carried from one place to another.
The album’s emotional effect develops indirectly. There is no melody instructing the listener toward melancholy and no narrative declaring loss. Still, the twenty-five-year span gives the sounds a quiet gravity. Some locations may have changed beyond recognition. Objects may no longer exist. Weather events passed once and cannot be recorded again. The album preserves them without turning preservation into nostalgia.
Jerman has spent decades moving away from sound as illustration and toward sound as sufficient subject. Burn-im-rag demonstrates how radical that simplicity can remain. Nothing here needs to represent a larger drama. A scrape is permitted to be a scrape long enough for its complexity to become strange.
By the end of the second side, the listener has not been transported to one identifiable place. Instead, the distinction between location, object, recording, and playback has loosened. Twenty-five years of gathered matter have become one temporary listening environment, held together by friction and attention.
Burn-im-rag does not conclude with resolution. The final sounds recede into the same open field from which the album appeared, leaving the impression that activity continues below ordinary notice. Something shifts against something else. Air passes through a structure. A small object changes position and produces a brief sound no one was meant to hear. Jerman catches it, carries it across years and places it beside another fragment until the debris begins speaking in its own patient language.

Saturday, October 18, 2025

Jeph Jerman - 2024 - black mesa

 

Rural Situationism – RS0204  147.65MB FLAC

Black Mesa begins with distance behaving like a sound source. A faint current moves through the recording before the ear can decide whether it is wind, insects, electrical activity, loose vegetation, or the microphone’s own contact with the air. Jeph Jerman does not identify the event or isolate it for inspection. He allows several small pressures to coexist until the location emerges without becoming scenery. The mesa is not presented through a dramatic panoramic sweep. It is approached close to the ground, where dry matter shifts, hard surfaces answer one another, and the apparent quiet contains more activity than the first few minutes can comfortably hold.
Released by Rural Situationism in 2024, Black Mesa consists of one twenty-nine-minute piece recorded at Black Mesa, Arizona. The compact disc edition was limited to one hundred copies and housed in a cardboard wallet, an appropriately modest container for a work that refuses to treat the landscape as a monumental spectacle. The label describes its practice through phrases such as “Life is the medium” and “Cultivate the Deep Map,” ideas that align closely with Jerman’s long attention to overlooked materials, wandering, site-specific listening, and the difference between being present in a location and merely collecting its recognizable sounds.
Black Mesa is a place-name with considerable weight. It suggests elevation, geological duration, exposed stone, desert distance, and a horizon that seems to divide the atmosphere into layers. The title could easily encourage an artist to produce an enormous, cinematic field recording, something filled with wind designed to communicate scale. Jerman moves in the opposite direction. The recording’s scale is built from details. A small scrape can define more space than a loud gust. A distant pulse can alter the apparent depth of the entire field. Nothing announces, “This is the desert.” The desert becomes audible through countless minor relations.
The single-track format matters because the piece does not behave like a collection of separate field studies. There are no titles dividing birds from weather, stone from machinery, or morning from afternoon. The listener remains inside one continuous act of attention. Changes occur, but they do not arrive as obvious movements. A texture grows more granular. A distant layer becomes temporarily clearer. Something brushes or shifts nearby, then disappears before identification can settle it.
This uncertainty is not a puzzle designed to conceal sources. Jerman’s work repeatedly challenges the reflex to stop listening once a sound has been named. Identification can reduce a complex event to a noun: wind, wire, insect, rock. Black Mesa keeps those nouns unstable. Wind becomes pressure, irregular rhythm, low vibration, and movement across the stereo field. A hard object becomes attack, density, resonance, and decay. The recording returns sound to behavior.
The environment often seems nearly still, but that stillness is crowded. Desert quiet is not the absence of sound. It is a condition in which distances become easier to hear. A minute event close to the microphone may coexist with another occurring far beyond it, and the empty air between them becomes part of the composition. Jerman is especially attentive to this middle space. The location is not built only from obvious foreground and background. It is built from the changing relationship between them.
At several points the piece seems to lean toward a stable drone. A low, sustained layer begins functioning like a foundation, encouraging the listener to hear the smaller sounds as details placed above it. Then the apparent drone shifts, revealing itself as another environmental process rather than a continuous electronic tone. Stability in Black Mesa is temporary. The earth may appear immovable, but air, temperature, vegetation, animals, and distant human activity continually redraw its acoustic surface.
This makes the recording feel geological without pretending to reproduce geological time. The mesa itself belongs to durations far beyond human perception, yet the microphone catches only temporary events. Jerman places those scales beside each other indirectly. Brief clicks and rustles occur against a landscape whose physical formation cannot be heard changing. The stable mass and the passing incident meet inside the same half hour.
Human presence remains ambiguous. There are sounds that may come from handling, movement, equipment, nearby structures, or objects activated deliberately, but the recording never centers the artist as performer. Jerman does not arrive to dominate the site with an improvisation. His activity, when audible, appears folded into everything else. The person recording is another temporary body within the field.
That humility separates Black Mesa from field recording used as proof of travel. There is no trophy sound announcing that the artist reached a remote location and returned with its essence. A place cannot be reduced to twenty-nine minutes, and the recording does not claim otherwise. It captures one encounter shaped by weather, position, microphone, attention, and the particular moment in which all of those conditions met.
The cardboard-wallet CD reinforces that lack of spectacle. The edition is small, but the object does not turn scarcity into luxury. Rural Situationism’s releases function more like portable site documents, compact physical invitations to listen deeply rather than elaborate collector monuments. Black Mesa can sit quietly on a shelf, its plainness protecting the scale of the experience inside.
Jerman’s history gives the work additional context. His earlier project Hands To was associated with rough texture, found materials, noise, and physical improvisation. Over time, his solo work increasingly brought environmental sound and small acoustic events toward the center. Black Mesa does not represent a rejection of noise. It reveals noise before genre has claimed it. Friction, wind pressure, dry vegetation, distant mechanical hum, and microphone disturbance all contain abrasion, but none must be exaggerated into assault.
The piece can become harsh at modest volume because its surfaces are so exposed. A dry scrape carries no soft harmonic cushion. A brittle contact sound can feel severe when surrounded by open space. Jerman’s restraint makes these moments more physical than a continuous wall of distortion would. The ear encounters the edge directly.
There is also a quiet rhythm throughout the recording, though it never hardens into meter. Repeated environmental gestures create temporary pulses: a recurring rustle, a distant oscillation, small impacts separated by uneven intervals. The mind begins organizing them, then the pattern shifts. This is rhythm without agreement, produced by several independent processes briefly overlapping.
Black Mesa rewards volume adjustment. Played loudly, tiny details become startlingly close and the air itself gains texture. Played quietly, the recording merges with the listener’s room, making it difficult to determine which creak, distant engine, or movement belongs to Arizona and which belongs to the present environment. This blending is not a defect. It extends the site rather than pretending playback can recreate it perfectly.
The listener’s room becomes another layer in the work. Speakers move air in a different location. Outside sounds enter. The original field recording meets walls, furniture, neighborhood activity, and the listener’s own movement. Black Mesa is therefore never heard in isolation. Each playback creates a temporary acoustic bridge between the mesa and somewhere else.
Unlike Burn-im-rag, which assembled source material gathered across many locations and years, Black Mesa remains committed to one named place. That concentration changes Jerman’s method. He is not creating relations between geographically distant fragments. He is remaining with one field long enough for its internal variety to emerge. The recording demonstrates that a single location does not produce a single sound.
The title’s lowercase presentation also suits the work. Black Mesa is not raised into a heroic proper noun dominating the page. It remains a location, a material fact, and an environment existing before and after the release. The recording passes through it briefly.
Toward the end, the piece does not gather its sounds into a conclusion. There is no final event summarizing what has been heard. The field continues, and the recording simply reaches the boundary imposed by its selected duration. This is one of the most honest qualities in environmental work. A place does not begin when the recorder is switched on or finish when the file ends.
Black Mesa leaves the listener with increased uncertainty, but also increased attention. What first seemed empty has become crowded. What first seemed distant has acquired texture. What appeared to be one environment has divided into countless overlapping distances, surfaces, and durations.
Jerman does not explain the mesa. He stays near it, listens, and removes just enough ordinary distraction for its small events to become enormous. The result is not a portrait in the usual sense. It is a temporary opening in attention, twenty-nine minutes during which stone, air, friction, and distance stop functioning as background and become the entire field.

Harry Pussy - 2025 - LOST LOST LOST

 

Palilalia Records – PAL-092  158.67MB FLAC

LOST LOST LOST begins with Harry Pussy entering a professional recording studio in Miami and immediately refusing the reason studios exist. Bill Orcutt and Adris Hoyos had booked the session in 1997 to create music accompanying an interview in Cool Beans magazine, then arrived without their instruments. There was no guitar, no drum kit, and no prepared substitute for the band’s usual attack. Instead of canceling, they used whatever the room offered: distortion, loud breathing, Hammond organ, primitive drum-machine patterns, dub reverb, and fragments of Cuban songs recalled imperfectly under pressure. The result remained unreleased for nearly three decades because even Harry Pussy thought it was too strange.
That history makes the opening five-and-a-half-minute “LOST” especially funny and severe. This is not a rediscovered conventional session documenting abandoned songs or alternate versions. The band has misplaced its own body. Harry Pussy’s familiar violence came from Orcutt’s broken guitar language colliding with Hoyos’s drumming and voice, a setup capable of making rock music sound trapped in a car being dismantled while still moving. Here the instruments responsible for that identity are absent. What remains is impulse without equipment.
The sound does not resemble a band calmly exploring electronic possibilities. It resembles two musicians attempting to continue existing after the floor plan has disappeared. Distortion enters without the stabilizing shape of a riff. Breath becomes percussion, vocal texture, and evidence of physical strain. Organ tones smear across the room, carrying church, garage, lounge, and horror-film associations without settling into any of them. The drum machine supplies rhythm with the emotional warmth of a blinking appliance.
The six titles repeat the word “LOST” with increasing insistence. “LOST,” “LOST LOST,” and “LOST LOST LOST” are not separate descriptions so much as a counting system built from confusion. By the final track, the word has been repeated six times, stripped through overuse until it begins functioning like visual pattern and rhythmic notation. The titles admit that the music cannot be mapped while also imposing the album’s only obvious order.
“LOST LOST” lasts just fifty seconds, a small rupture between longer zones. Its brevity makes it feel less like a composition than a piece of tape discovered during the process of organizing the session. Harry Pussy’s records often made short duration feel explosive, but this fragment does not hit with hardcore efficiency. It flashes into existence, offers incomplete evidence, and vanishes before its materials can agree on what they are doing.
The title track stretches beyond four minutes and gives the album’s anti-music enough room to acquire internal logic. The drum-machine reference to Sly and the Family Stone’s There’s a Riot Goin’ On is important, not because Harry Pussy imitate that record, but because they understand its exhausted rhythmic atmosphere. The machine does not create a dance floor. It creates a stale room where rhythm continues after confidence, clarity, and celebration have drained away. King Tubby-style reverb then pulls the surviving sounds into unstable depth, making the studio seem much larger and emptier than it probably was.
Dub traditionally constructs space through subtraction, repetition, echo, and sudden absence. Harry Pussy use those tools without adopting dub’s sensual control. Their echoes feel mismanaged on purpose. A sound is launched into the room and returns as debris. Reverb does not polish the performance. It makes every mistake reproduce.
The Hammond organ provides the most obvious connection to conventional musical history, but Orcutt and Hoyos refuse to treat it reverently. The instrument can imply gospel authority, psychedelic warmth, or barroom grease. On LOST LOST LOST it becomes another unfamiliar object found at the scene. Chords and tones appear without establishing harmonic shelter. The organ’s sustain allows mistakes to remain visible longer, hanging in the air after the hands responsible have moved elsewhere.
Without guitar, Orcutt loses the four-string instrument that had become his weapon and grammar. His Harry Pussy playing was already hostile to normal guitar technique, full of snapped phrases, choking chords, abrupt silences, and blues gestures twisted until they became skeletal. Removing the guitar does not make him less disruptive. It reveals that the disruption existed before the instrument. The method was not a collection of unusual finger positions. It was a way of refusing musical obedience.
Hoyos also operates outside her expected role. Her drumming in Harry Pussy could sound both primitive and impossibly reactive, less concerned with maintaining time than attacking whatever Orcutt had just destabilized. Here the drum machine handles whatever counts as pulse, leaving her voice and physical presence to work against its rigid repetition. Loud breathing becomes one of the album’s defining sounds because it is the opposite of programmed rhythm: irregular, bodily, involuntary, and incapable of perfect repetition.
The half-remembered Cuban folk-song lyrics introduce a different kind of loss. Memory supplies fragments without guaranteeing accuracy. Songs connected to culture, childhood, family, or local environment return incomplete inside a studio dedicated to accurate capture. That contradiction gives the session more emotional depth than its absurd origin might suggest. The recording machine preserves people failing to remember.
Miami matters. Harry Pussy did not emerge from one of the American cities expected to produce a band this aggressively opposed to rock decorum. Their location helped create a music marked by separation, heat, multilingual culture, and the freedom that can come from operating beyond a heavily supervised scene. The Cuban fragments on LOST LOST LOST are not pasted-on regional color. They leak naturally into an improvised session made by people drawing from whatever remained available in the room and in their heads.
The album’s center grows progressively stranger as the repeated titles lengthen and the pieces alternate between compressed episodes and extended environments. “LOST LOST LOST LOST” occupies three minutes, while the fifth track shrinks to a little over two. These durations create a stop-start structure without conventional songs. One zone barely begins to define itself before another arrives using similar materials in a new state of confusion.
The final “LOST” sequence lasts eight minutes and forty seconds, making it the record’s largest and most consequential piece. By then, the initial joke has worn away. The absence of instruments no longer feels like a stunt because the substitute language has become established. Organ, distortion, voice, breath, machine rhythm, and echo have learned how to coexist badly.
That bad coexistence is the heart of Harry Pussy. Their classic recordings were never chaotic because the musicians failed to interact. They were chaotic because the interaction was brutally alert. Each person heard the other and answered in the least stabilizing way possible. LOST LOST LOST preserves that relationship after removing its usual tools. The sounds may be unfamiliar, but the social machinery is unmistakable.
One gesture provokes another. A rhythm appears and is dirtied. A voice enters and refuses to clarify the situation. An organ tone suggests continuity while distortion tears holes through it. The performance remains collective even when the room seems empty.
Released in 2025 by Orcutt’s Palilalia Records, the album finally gives official form to a recording conceived for a magazine interview that never received its intended soundtrack. It arrives as six digital tracks totaling roughly twenty-five minutes, with a cassette edition following the logic of the original era. The release is also a benefit for former Harry Pussy guitarist Mark Feehan, connecting recovered sound to the material reality of someone who helped make the band’s history.
The archival context could have made the album seem like a curious appendix, but LOST LOST LOST is more disruptive than that. It does not explain Harry Pussy through a missing chapter. It complicates the band by proving that their identity survived the removal of guitar and live drums. The record shows that Harry Pussy was not a sound formula. It was an unstable agreement between Orcutt and Hoyos about how aggressively music could refuse completion.
The word “lost” usually promises eventual recovery. Something disappears, a search begins, and the missing object returns with its identity restored. This album rejects that comforting sequence. The tape was recovered, but the music remains lost inside itself. Its references are incomplete. Its tools are accidental. Its rhythms move without arriving.
That is why the three-decade delay improves rather than weakens the recording. In 1997, the session may have sounded like a failed assignment created by a band temporarily deprived of its strengths. In 2025, it sounds like a concentrated demonstration of those strengths. Harry Pussy walk into a studio unprepared, forget the equipment required to be Harry Pussy, and produce twenty-five minutes that no other band could have made.